Pakistan - A Country Study

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COUNTRY PROFILE GEOGRAPHY SOCIETY ECONOMY TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS NATIONAL SECURITY Table A. Chronology of Important Events Introduction Chapter 1 Historical Setting EARLY CIVILIZATIONS ISLAM IN INDIA THE MUGHAL PERIOD COMPANY RULE THE BRITISH RAJ The Forward Policy The Seeds of Muslim Nationalism Beginnings of Self-Government The Two Nations Theory Toward Partition INDEPENDENT PAKISTAN Constitutional Beginnings Early Foreign Policy Collapse of the Parliamentary System THE AYUB KHAN ERA Basic Democracies The 1962 Constitution Ayub Khan's Foreign Policy and the 1965 War with India YAHYA KHAN AND BANGLADESH ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO AND A NEW CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM ZIA UL-HAQ AND MILITARY DOMINATION, 1977-88 PAKISTAN AND THE WORLD DURING THE ZIA REGIME Chapter 2 Society and Its Environment PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Boundaries Topography and Drainage Climate Pollution and Environmental Issues National Conservation Goals POPULATION Population Distribution and Density Population Planning Policies and Problems Migration and Growth of Major Cities Impact of Migration to the Persian Gulf Countries Repercussions of the War in Afghanistan SOCIAL STRUCTURE Traditional Kinship Patterns Linguistic and Ethnic Groups Punjabis Pakhtuns Sindhis Baloch Men, Women, and the Division of Space The Status of Women and the Women's Movement RELIGIOUS LIFE Islam in Pakistani Society Politicized Islam Non-Muslim Minorities EDUCATION Structure of the System Female Education Reform Efforts HEALTH AND WELFARE Maternal and Child Health Health Care Policies and Developments Special Problems: Smoking, Drugs, and AIDS Zakat as a Welfare System PROSPECTS FOR SOCIAL COHESION Chapter 3 The Economy STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT Development Planning FINANCE Fiscal Administration Monetary Process FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS Foreign Trade External Debt LABOR AGRICULTURE Land Use Irrigation Drainage Farm Ownership and Land Reform Cropping Patterns and Production Livestock Forestry Fishing INDUSTRY Manufacturing Construction Energy Mining and Quarrying SERVICES Transportation Telecommunications Tourism Chapter 4 The Government and Politics CONSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL INHERITANCE Role of Islam Regional and Ethnic Factors The Civil Service The Military EARLY POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT Early Constitution Building, 1947-58 Ayub Khan, 1958-69 Yahya Khan, 1969-71 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, 1971-77 Zia ul-Haq, 1977-88 CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE President Parliament and Federal Government Provincial Governments Judiciary POLITICAL DYNAMICS Muslim League Islami Jamhoori Ittehad Jamaat-i-Islami Pakistan People's Party Muhajir Qaumi Mahaz Awami National Party Jamiat-ul-Ulama-i-Islam Tehrik-i-Istiqlal POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS SINCE ZIA The First Government of Benazir Bhutto The Caretaker Government of Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi The Government of Nawaz Sharif President Ghulam Ishaq Khan as Power Broker The "Silent Revolution": A Year of Political Struggle The Caretaker Government of Moeen Qureshi Benazir Bhutto Returns THE MEDIA FOREIGN POLICY India Other South Asian Countries The Former Soviet Union China Middle East The United States and the West International Organizations Chapter 5 National Security THE ARMED SERVICES: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The Formation of Pakistan PAKISTAN'S EVOLVING SECURITY DILEMMA Survival in a Harsh Environment The United States Alliance The Army Assumes Control Collapse of Pakistan's Security System The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 The Military Reasserts Itself Pakistan Becomes a Frontline State The Armed Forces in a New World Order THE ARMED SERVICES Defense Strategy Ministry of Defence Army and Paramilitary Forces Navy Air Force Personnel and Training Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia Military Production Budget Military Justice Foreign Security Relationships The Role of Islam INTERNAL SECURITY Character of the Security Forces Crime Narcotics Courts and Criminal Procedure Prisons Islamic Provisions Emergency Provisions Subversion and Civil Unrest

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