Uruguay - A Country Study

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Country Profile GEOGRAPHY SOCIETY ECONOMY TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS NATIONAL SECURITY INTRODUCTION Chapter 1. Historical Setting FROM PRE-COLUMBIAN TIMES TO THE CONQUEST THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE, 1811-30 From Insurrection to State Organization, 1820-30 BEGINNINGS OF INDEPENDENT LIFE, 1830-52 The Great War, 1843-52 THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL, 1852-75 Evolution of the Economy and Society Caudillos and Political Stability MODERN URUGUAY, 1875-1903 The Return of Civilians THE NEW COUNTRY, 1903-33 The Consolidation of Political Democracy THE CONSERVATIVE ADJUSTMENT, 1931-43 Baldomir and the End of Dictatorship "THERE'S NO PLACE LIKE URUGUAY," 1943-58 Neo-Batllism, 1947-51 Decline of the Economy and the Colorado Party, 1951-58 ECONOMIC CRISIS AND DECLINE Pachequism, 1967-72 The Emergence of Militarism, 1972-73 THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT, 1973-85 The Military's Economic Record The Opposition and the Reemergence of Parties, 1980-84 The Transition to Democracy, 1984-85 Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment GEOGRAPHY Topography and Hydrography Climate Land Use and Settlement Patterns The Littoral Greater Montevideo The Coast Regional Development POPULATION Historical Patterns of Settlement Contemporary Ethnic Composition Fertility, Mortality, and Population Growth Urbanization Migration Emigration SOCIAL CLASSES The Ranching Elite Business Elites Political Elites The Middle Class Small Farmers and Rural Workers Blue-Collar Workers The Urban Poor INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND LIVING STANDARDS FAMILY LIFE HEALTH AND WELFARE Infant Mortality and Life Expectancy State and Private Health Care Social Security Pensions EDUCATION The Education System Historical Origins and Evolution of Education Educational Reforms under Military Rule, 1973-85 Education under the Colorados, 1985-88 RELIGION Chapter 3. The Economy GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY Colonial Period Postindependence Era The Export Model Batllism Stagnation Restructuring under the Military Regime, 1973-85 The Sanguinetti Government ECONOMIC POLICY Fiscal Policy Monetary and Exchange-Rate Policy LABOR The Labor Movement Government Policy AGRICULTURE Agricultural Stagnation Land Use and Tenure Livestock Ranching Crop Production Fishing Forestry INDUSTRY Background of Industrial Development Autonomous Entities Private Firms Construction Mining Energy SERVICES Banking and Financial Services Transportation and Communications Tourism EXTERNAL SECTOR Foreign Debt Trade Balance of Payments Economic Integration Free-Trade Zones Chapter 4. Government and Politics CONSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE The Executive The Legislature The Judiciary Public Administration Local Government The Electoral Process POLITICAL DYNAMICS Political Parties Traditional Parties Broad Front New Sector Democratic Consolidation, 1985-90 The November 1989 Elections The Lacalle Administration Political Forces and Interest Groups Labor Unions The Roman Catholic Church Students The Media Other Interest Groups FOREIGN RELATIONS Foreign Relations under Democratic Rule, 1985-90 The United States Latin America Other Regions Foreign Policy in 1990 Chapter 5. National Security THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARMED FORCES Evolution of the Army Development of the Navy Creation of an Independent Air Force THE GROWTH OF MILITARY INVOLVEMENT IN POLITICS THE ARMED FORCES IN THE NATIONAL LIFE Manpower Military Justice Defense Spending ARMED FORCES ORGANIZATION, TRAINING, AND EQUIPMENT Army Navy Air Force Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia PUBLIC ORDER AND INTERNAL SECURITY Crime The National Police The Criminal Justice System

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