Hungary - A Country Study

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Table A. Chronology of Important Events Country Profile GEOGRAPHY ECONOMY TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS NATIONAL SECURITY Introduction Chapter 1. Historical Setting EARLY HISTORY MEDIEVAL PERIOD Christianization of the Magyars Stephen I Politics and Society under Stephen's Successors Reconstruction RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION Reign of Ulaszlo II and Louis II Partition of Hungary Royal Hungary Ottoman Hungary Transylvania End of the Partition HUNGARY UNDER THE HABSBURGS Reign of Leopold II Reign of Charles VI and Maria Theresa Enlightened Absolutism Economic and Social Developments The Revolution of March 1848 Aftermath of the Revolution DUAL MONARCHY Constitutional and Legal Framework Rise of the Liberal Party Social Changes Political and Economic Life, 1905-19 World War I Hungarian Soviet Republic Counterrevolution TRIANON HUNGARY Postwar Political and Economic Conditions Bethlen Government Economic Development The Great Depression Radical Right in Power World War II POSTWAR HUNGARY Coalition Government and Communist Takeover Rakosi's Rule Revolution of 1956 Kadar's Reforms New Economic Mechanism Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Topography Climate POPULATION Structure Settlement Patterns THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE Origins and Language Minority Groups SOCIAL STRUCTURE Interwar Period Postwar Societal Transformation Social Relations in the 1980s The Elite The Disadvantaged SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS The Family Mass Organizations Trade Unions Women Youth Other Popular Groups Religion and Religious Organizations EDUCATION HEALTH AND WELFARE Health Welfare Housing DISSENT AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION Chapter 3. The Economy RESOURCE BASE Energy Resources Mineral Resources Land, Climate, and Forests Environmental Problems LABOR FORCE Work Force Underemployment and Unemployment Labor Turnover Women in the Work Force and Foreign Workers ECONOMIC SYSTEM AND CONTROL MECHANISMS Role of Party and Government Bodies Ownership Planning Economic Regulators Prices Wages, Salaries, and Incentives Taxes Enterprise Income Regulation Exchange-Rate Controls Direct Administrative Intervention Finance Financial Institutions Credit Criteria Financial Instruments Bankruptcy Industrial Organization Agricultural Organization Large-Scale Farming Small-Scale Farming Ancillary Activities Private Activity Conflict-Resolution Mechanisms ECONOMIC SECTORS Industry Energy Mineral Mining and Metallurgy Engineering and Chemicals Light Industry and Food Processing High Technology Agriculture Construction Transportation and Telecommunications Private Sector The Third Economy FOREIGN TRADE Organization of Foreign Trade Cooperation Agreements and Joint Ventures Trade Volume and Structure Trade Partners DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION Domestic Trade Sector Standard of Living ECONOMIC POLICY AND PERFORMANCE, 1945-85 THE SEVENTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (1986-90) Chapter 4. Government and Politics CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Constitution of 1949 Amendments of 1972 Constitutional Law Council STATE APPARATUS Council of Ministers Presidential Council National Assembly Elections to the National Assembly County and District Government Judicial Organs HUNGARIAN SOCIALIST WORKERS' PARTY Ideology Democratic Centralism Party Structure Central Institutions Central Committee Central Control Committee Politburo Secretariat Intermediate Institutions Basic Organizations Discipline Membership Social Composition of the Party Patriotic People's Front MASS MEDIA FOREIGN POLICY Principles of Foreign Policy Relations with the Soviet Union Relations with Other Communist Neighbors Romania Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Relations with the West Austria West Germany Britain United States Relations with Selected Non-Western Countries Israel China South Korea Hungary and the Soviet Model Chapter 5. National Security HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL SETTING Historical Background and Traditions The Medieval Period The Modern Period The Military in Trianon Hungary Sovietization State Security Forces and the Revolution The Postrevolutionary Period Government and Party Control Expenditures Military Industry Soviet Influence Soviet Southern Group of Forces in Hungary External Threats to National Security Threat from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Threat from Romania Threat from the Soviet Union THE HUNGARIAN ARMED FORCES Ground Forces Air Force Manpower Conscientious Objection Education and Training Conscript Programs Specialized-Officer Programs Premilitary Programs Paramilitary Programs Uniforms and Rank Insignia INTERNAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER National Police Security Police Border Guard Workers' Guard CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Penal Code and Criminal Procedure Military Justice Penal System Reaction to Political Dissent

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