Bulgaria - A Country Study

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Table A. Chronology of Important Events COUNTRY PROFILE GEOGRAPHY SOCIETY ECONOMY TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS NATIONAL SECURITY INTRODUCTION Chapter 1. Historical Setting EARLY SETTLEMENT AND EMPIRE The Slavs and the Bulgars The First Golden Age The Second Golden Age OTTOMAN RULE Introduction of the Ottoman System Bulgarian Society under the Turks Early Decay and Upheaval in the Empire NATIONAL REVIVAL, EARLY STAGES The Written Word Commerce and Western Influences European and Russian Policies, 1800 THE BULGARIAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT Cultural Expressions of Nationalism Religious Independence Early Insurrections Balkan Politics of the Mid-Nineteenth Century The First Independence Organizations The Final Move to Independence San Stefano, Berlin, and Independence THE DECADES OF NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION The Stambolov Years The Rule of Ferdinand The Macedonian Issue Full Independence THE BALKAN WARS AND WORLD WAR I The Second Balkan War World War I Early Successes Stalemate and Demoralization Capitulation and Settlement THE INTERWAR PERIOD The Fall of Stamboliiski The Tsankov and Liapchev Governments The Crises of the 1930s The Royal Dictatorship The Interwar Economy Foreign Policy in the Late 1930s WORLD WAR II Wartime Crisis The Soviet Occupation COMMUNIST CONSOLIDATION The Dimitrov Constitution Chervenkov and Stalinism in Bulgaria Foreign and Economic Policies After Stalin The Fall of Chervenkov Intellectual Life Domestic Policy and Its Results THE ZHIVKOV ERA Zhivkov's Political Methodology The Constitution of 1971 Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s Domestic Policy in the 1960s and 1970s The Political Atmosphere in the 1970s Bulgaria in the 1980s Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment NATURAL FEATURES Topography Drainage Climate Environment POPULATION Settlement Patterns Cities Internal Migration Foreign Citizens in Bulgaria Population Trends ETHNOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS Bulgarians Turks Pomaks Macedonians Gypsies Other Minorities RELIGION Islam Roman Catholicism Protestantism Judaism SOCIAL SYSTEM Traditional Society Family Life and Modern Society Social Groups and Their Work SOCIAL SERVICES Health Housing Education Chapter 3. The Economy RESOURCE BASE Agricultural Resources LABOR FORCE Labor and Economic Reform ECONOMIC STRUCTURE AND CONTROL MECHANISMS The Centrally Planned Economy The Planning System ECONOMIC POLICY AND PERFORMANCE The First Five-Year Plans The Era of Experimentation and Reform Industrial Decentralization Industrial Recentralization Larger Economic Units The New Economic Model The Last Round of Zhivkov Reforms ECONOMIC SECTORS Energy Generation Conventional Power Generation Nuclear Power Industry Industrial Policy Industrial Centers Obstacles to Industrial Growth Agriculture Early Collectivization Campaigns Farm Consolidation in the 1960s Reform in the 1980s Agricultural Products The Role of Private Plots Post-Zhivkov Agricultural Reform Transportation Communications BANKING AND FINANCE Banking System Investment Policy Prices FOREIGN TRADE Postwar Trade Policy Bulgaria in Comecon Trade with the West and the Third World New Trade Conditions, 1990 STANDARD OF LIVING MARKET REFORM Reform Mechanisms The Economic Policy Commission Domestic and International Economic Policies in the 1990s Chapter 4. Government and Politics THE PREWAR POLITICAL CONTEXT THE EARLY COMMUNIST ERA The State under Dimitrov The Chervenkov Era THE ZHIVKOV ERA Zhivkov Takes Control The Constitution of 1971 The Last Zhivkov Decade Issues of Dissent The Removal of Zhivkov GOVERNANCE AFTER ZHIVKOV The 1990 Stalemate GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE The National Assembly The First Freely Elected Assembly, 1990 The State Council and the Presidency The Council of Ministers The Judiciary Local Government Electoral Procedures NONGOVERNMENTAL POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS The Union of Democratic Forces Trade Unions Independent Union Organizations Youth Organizations The Movement for Rights and Freedoms Other Political Organizations Revived Prewar Parties The Monarchist Movement THE PUBLIC AND POLITICAL DECISION MAKING The Intelligentsia Zhivkov and the Intelligentsia The Ferment of 1988-90 The Media and Public Issues The Turkish Problem FOREIGN POLICY The Foreign Policy Establishment Relations with Balkan Neighbors Yugoslavia Romania Greece Turkey The Soviet Union Western Europe and the United States Chapter 5. National Security DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARMED FORCES Early Development Struggle for National Independence to World War I The Interwar Years and World War II Postwar Development NATIONAL DEFENSE POSTURE Threat Perception Doctrine and Strategy DEFENSE ORGANIZATION The Military in the Political System Government Organization for Defense High Command Armed Services Ground Forces Air and Air Defense Forces Naval Forces Border Troops Construction Troops Civil Defense Troops Logistics and Arms Procurement Military Budget MILITARY PERSONNEL Recruitment and Service Obligations Military Training Officer Education Reserves and Mobilization Ranks, Uniforms, and Insignia FOREIGN MILITARY RELATIONS The Warsaw Pact Military Cooperation and Exchanges Arms Sales LAW AND ORDER Crime Penal System The Ministry of Internal Affairs Police Organizations The Penal System Security and Intelligence Services Terrorist and Espionage Activities

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